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Hundredth monkey effect
The hundredth monkey effect is a studied phenomenon〔 in which a new behavior or idea is claimed to spread rapidly by unexplained means from one group to all related groups once a critical number of members of one group exhibit the new behavior or acknowledge the new idea. The theory behind this phenomenon originated with Lawrence Blair and Lyall Watson in the mid-to-late 1970s, who claimed that it was the observation of Japanese scientists. One of the primary factors in the promulgation of the story is that many authors quote secondary, tertiary or post-tertiary sources who have themselves misrepresented the original observations.〔
==Popularisation of the effect==
The story of the hundredth monkey effect was published in Lyall Watson's foreword to Lawrence Blair's ''Rhythms of Vision'' in 1975, and spread with the appearance of Watson's 1979 book ''Lifetide''. The account is that unidentified scientists were conducting a study of macaque monkeys on the Japanese island of Koshima in 1952.〔Blair, unlike Watson, does not assign the date 1952 to the observations.〕 These scientists observed that some of these monkeys learned to wash sweet potatoes, and gradually this new behavior spread through the younger generation of monkeys—in the usual fashion, through observation and repetition. Watson then concluded that the researchers observed that once a critical number of monkeys was reached, e.g., the hundredth monkey, this previously learned behavior instantly spread across the water to monkeys on nearby islands.
This story was further popularised by Ken Keyes, Jr. with the publication of his book ''The Hundredth Monkey''. Keyes's book was about the devastating effects of nuclear war on the planet. Keyes presented the hundredth monkey effect story as an inspirational parable, applying it to human society and the effecting of positive change.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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